Evolution of Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC)
The Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC) was formally defined under the US Shipping Act of 1984 (46 U.S.C. § 40102). This legislation established the NVOCC as an entity that issues its own bills of lading and assumes carrier liability, despite not owning or operating any vessels. The NVOCC has since evolved into one of the most commercially versatile roles within the shipping industry.
https://www.shippingandfreightresource.com/evolution-of-non-vessel-operating-common-carrier-nvocc/